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Example of Descriptive ResearchA market research company is hired to understand the types of customers frequenting a new shopping mall. They may conduct descriptive research using methods such as surveys, interviews, and observations. This could result in a detailed description of customer demographics, preferences, and behaviors.
Different types of research design
The goal was to find the cause of low sales for a recently launched line extension in Europe. Diagnostic research determines the root cause of a problem and finds the most effective solution. It’s often used in marketing to identify areas of improvement or potential opportunities for growth.
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If you’re developing a new questionnaire or other instrument to measure a specific concept, running a pilot study allows you to check its validity and reliability in advance. You may also choose to use or adapt existing materials designed to measure the concept you’re interested in – for example, questionnaires or inventories whose reliability and validity has already been established. Planning systematic procedures is especially important in quantitative research, where you need to precisely define your variables and ensure your measurements are reliable and valid. As well as deciding on your methods, you need to plan exactly how you’ll use these methods to collect data that’s consistent, accurate, and unbiased.
Systematic Review
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The new interventional strategies are carried out, and this cyclic process repeats, continuing until a sufficient understanding of [or a valid implementation solution for] the problem is achieved. Research design involves choosing the right methodology, selecting the most appropriate data collection methods, and devising a plan (or framework) for analyzing the data. It’s also possible to use a mixed methods design that integrates aspects of both approaches. By combining qualitative and quantitative insights, you can gain a more complete picture of the problem you’re studying and strengthen the credibility of your conclusions.
If the correlation coefficient is +1, it indicates a positive relationship between the two variables, and -1 means a negative relationship. Combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to provide a more holistic understanding of a research problem. Interventional studies are experiments where the researcher actively performs an intervention in some or all members of a group of participants. This intervention could take many forms – for example, administration of a drug or vaccine, performance of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, and introduction of an educational tool.
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The objective of this research is to gain a deep understanding of the problem in order to provide a diagnosis or create an intervention (Leavy, 2022). Causal research involves conducting experiments where one or more variables are manipulated and the effects are measured. Participants are typically assigned to groups at random in order to control for any extraneous variables that could influence the results.
The initial theory is validated by the extent to which the chosen action successfully solves the target problem. Simultaneous problem solving and insight generation is the central feature that distinguishes action research from all other research methods, and hence, action research is an excellent method for bridging research and practice. Some researchers claim that there is a trade-off between internal and external validity—higher external validity can come only at the cost of internal validity and vice versa. Research designs such as field experiments, longitudinal field surveys, and multiple case studies have higher degrees of both internal and external validities. Personally, I prefer research designs that have reasonable degrees of both internal and external validities, i.e., those that fall within the cone of validity shown in Figure 5.1.
Confirmatory versus exploratory research
These examples demonstrate the diversity of research designs used in different fields to address a wide range of research questions and objectives. Researchers select the most appropriate design based on the specific context and goals of their study. Longitudinal surveys collect data from the same participants over an extended period, allowing for the study of changes over time.
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The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem logically and as unambiguously as possible. Descriptive research aims to gather an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon and answers when/what/where. An experimental design is used when the researcher wants to examine how variables interact with each other. The researcher manipulates one variable (the independent variable) and observes the effect on another variable (the dependent variable). There are many different research design types when it comes to qualitative studies, but here we’ll narrow our focus to explore the “Big 4”.
Respondents are assigned randomly to receive either form, so we can assume that the two groups of respondents are essentially identical. On questions where two versions are used, significant differences in the answers between the two forms tell us that the difference is a result of the way we worded the two versions. Generally, these types of scales should be presented in order so respondents can easily place their responses along the continuum, but the order can be reversed for some respondents. Perhaps the most important part of the survey process is the creation of questions that accurately measure the opinions, experiences and behaviors of the public. Accurate random sampling will be wasted if the information gathered is built on a shaky foundation of ambiguous or biased questions.
The methodology is derived from the field of anthropology where researchers immerse themselves in the culture they’re studying to gather in-depth insights. Ethnographic research is a qualitative research design that aims to explore and understand the culture, social interactions, behaviors, and perceptions of a group of people (Stokes & Wall, 2017). Grounded Theory ExampleDeveloping a Leadership Identity by Komives et al (2005) employs a grounded theory approach to develop a thesis based on the data rather than testing a hypothesis. The researchers studied the leadership identity of 13 college students taking on leadership roles. Based on their interviews, the researchers theorized that the students’ leadership identities shifted from a hierarchical view of leadership to one that embraced leadership as a collaborative concept. Longitudinal studies take place over a long period of time to explore changes to the research subjects or variables over time (Neale, 2020).
The descriptive research results in our ability to carefully describe the phenomena, events, or case under study. Exploratory research design does not aim to provide conclusive results or decide a course of action. It is more precise and focused than exploratory research and goes further to provide additional insights about the specifics of the problem.
The classic experimental design specifies an experimental group and a control group. The independent variable is administered to the experimental group and not to the control group, and both groups are measured on the same dependent variable. Subsequent experimental designs have used more groups and more measurements over longer periods. Validity refers to the accuracy and meaningfulness of your study’s findings, while reliability relates to the consistency and stability of the measurements or observations. To enhance validity, carefully define your research variables, use established measurement scales or protocols, and collect data through appropriate methods.
The new interventional strategies are carried out, and the cyclic process repeats, continuing until a sufficient understanding of (or implement able solution for) the problem is achieved. The protocol is iterative or cyclical in nature and is intended to foster deeper understanding of a given situation, starting with conceptualizing and particularizing the problem and moving through several interventions and evaluations. Comparative Research Design ExampleA social scientist studying gender inequality might compare the wage gap, educational attainment, and political representation in several countries.
But this should not suggest that designs outside this cone are any less useful or valuable. Researchers’ choice of designs are ultimately a matter of their personal preference and competence, and the level of internal and external validity they desire. Quasi-experiments are often used in social sciences where it’s difficult or ethically problematic to manipulate independent variables and randomly assign participants (Ortiz & Greene, 2007).
Clinicians are more familiar with interventional research, whereas epidemiologists usually perform observational research. In research talk, population is the whole group that you are aiming your research at. By now, you’ve determined who or what your research will focus on and how you will choose your respondents. Look at the type of research designs above and decide on the design that best fits your needs. Decide if your research should be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.
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